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Demographics of Indonesia

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Demographics of Indonesia
Population pyramid of Indonesia in 2020
PopulationIncrease 280.725.438 (2023 civil registration)
Increase 270,203,917 (2020 census)
Growth rate1,13% (2023 est.)
Birth rate15.32 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate6.75 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancyIncrease 73.08 years
 • male70.86 years
 • female75.4 years
Fertility rateDecrease 2.1 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate19.73 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years23.87%
15–64 years68.31%
65 and over7.82%
Sex ratio
Total1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.05 male(s)/female
Under 151.05 male(s)/female
65 and over0.66 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityIndonesian
Major ethnic
Language
OfficialIndonesian
Spoken
Historical population


The population of Indonesia was 270.20 million according to the 2020 national census, an increase from 237.64 million in 2010.[1][2] The official estimate as at end 2023 was 280 million increasing at a rate of 1.17% per year.[3][4] Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world. Approximately 55% of Indonesia's population resides on Java, which is the most populous island in the world.

Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since 1967,[5] Indonesia's average population growth per year was over 1.1% for the decade ending in 2020, nearly having 13% population growth for that decade. At this rate, Indonesia's population is projected to surpass the population of the United States if the recent population growth continues.[6]

Indonesia has a relatively young population compared to Western nations, though it is aging as the country's birth rate has slowed and its life expectancy has increased. The median age was 30.2 years in 2017.[7] Indonesia encompasses thousands of different ethnic groups, cultures, and hundreds of languages, some of which are related to each other. Since independence, Indonesian is the language of most written communication, education, government, and business. Many local ethnic languages are the first language of most Indonesians and are still important. Examples of local languages are Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese.

Population

[edit]
Provinces of Indonesia by urban population percentage
Provinces of Indonesia by population density per square kilometer in 2020
Villages of Indonesia by population density per square kilometer in 2024
See also: List of Indonesian cities by population and List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia
Historical population of Indonesia
YearPop.±% p.a.
0 2,000,000—    
1000 3,500,000+0.06%
1500 7,750,000+0.16%
1700 9,500,000+0.10%
1930 60,727,233+0.81%
1955 77,473,268+0.98%
1961 97,085,348+3.83%
1971 119,208,229+2.07%
1976 141,862,419+3.54%
1980 147,490,298+0.98%
1990 179,378,946+1.98%
2000 206,264,595+1.41%
2010 237,641,326+1.43%
2020 270,203,917+1.29%
Source: Our World in Data,[8] Statistics Indonesia,[1][9] Wertheim (1959),[10] Geografi dan Kependudukan (1976),[11] Widjojo Nitisastro (2006)[12]

Population by province

[edit]
Province Population
(2010 census) 		Urban %
in 2010 		Total
Fertility
Rate 		Population
(2020 census) 		Urban %
in 2022[13]
Aceh 4,494,410
23.6%
 2.79 5,274,900
33.9%
North Sumatra 12,982,204
42.4%
 3.01 14,799,400
55.5%
West Sumatra 4,846,909
29.0%
 2.91 5,534,500
48.5%
Riau 5,538,367
43.7%
 2.82 6,394,100
40.0%
Jambi 3,092,265
28.3%
 2.51 3,548,200
33.8%
South Sumatra 7,450,394
34.4%
 2.56 8,467,400
37.7%
Bengkulu 1,715,518
29.4%
 2.51 2,010,700
33.3%
Lampung 7,608,405
21.0%
 2.45 9,007,800
32.9%
Bangka Belitung Islands 1,223,296
43.0%
 2.54 1,455,700
57.6%
Riau Islands 1,679,163
67.4%
 2.38 2,064,600
87.1%
Banten 10,632,166
52.2%
 2.35 11,904,600
72.4%
Jakarta 9,607,787
100.0%
 1.82 10,562,100
100.0%
West Java 43,053,732
50.3%
 2.43 48,274,200
77.5%
Central Java 32,382,657
40.4%
 2.20 36,516,000
51.7%
Yogyakarta 3,457,491
57.7%
 1.94 3,668,700
73.1%
East Java 37,476,757
40.9%
 2.00 40,665,700
54.9%
Bali 3,890,757
49.8%
 2.13 4,317,400
66.9%
West Nusa Tenggara 4,500,212
34.8%
 2.59 5,320,100
49.6%
East Nusa Tenggara 4,683,827
15.9%
 3.82 5,325,600
25.9%
West Kalimantan 4,395,983
25.1%
 2.64 5,414,400
36.4%
Central Kalimantan 2,212,089
27.5%
 2.56 2,670,000
42.2%
South Kalimantan 3,626,616
36.3%
 2.35 4,073,600
48.5%
East Kalimantan 3,028,487
57.6%
 2.61 3,766,000
68.6%
North Kalimantan 524,656 701,800
63.4%
North Sulawesi 2,270,596
37.0%
 2.43 2,621,900
53.7%
Gorontalo 1,040,164
25.5%
 2.76 1,171,700
43.5%
Central Sulawesi 2,635,009
19.7%
 2.94 2,985,700
31.5%
South Sulawesi 8,034,776
29.4%
 2.55 9,073,500
44.6%
Southeast Sulawesi 2,232,586
20.8%
 3.20 2,624,900
37.6%
West Sulawesi 1,158,651 -- 3.33 1,419,200
21.4%
Maluku 1,533,506
25.9%
 3.56 1,848,900
37.0%
North Maluku 1,038,087
29.5%
 3.35 1,282,900
27.3%
Papua 2,833,381
22.2%
 2.87 4,303,700
30.2%
West Papua 760,422 -- 3.18 1,134,100
42.8%
Indonesia 237,641,326 2.41 270,203,900
56.4%

Source: Population Census 2010,[2] except for final column, taken from Population Census 2020.

Note: (a) North Kalimantan province was created in 2012 (by separation from East Kalimantan province); the 2010 total figures given are those for the provinces as they were following that splitting (Urban % and Total Fertility Rate columns unadjusted).

[1]

Age structure

[edit]
Indonesian students during a school excursion to a museum; Indonesia currently possesses a relatively young population.
0-14 years: 23.33%
15-64 years: 70.72%
65 years and over: 5.95% (2020 census)[14][15]

Age structure in Indonesia (2020)[1]

  Minor: 0-14 years (23.3%)
  Workforce: 15-64 years (70.7%)
  Retiree: 65 years and over (6.0%)
Median age of Indonesia by district (2022)

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Data are based on the publication: "Indonesia Population Projection 2015-2045"):[16]

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 135 337 011 134 266 419 269 603 430 100
0–4 11 101 528 10 850 465 21 951 993 8.14
5–9 11 205 657 10 739 503 21 945 160 8.14
10–14 11 284 333 10 884 509 22 168 842 8.22
15–19 11 189 861 10 949 531 22 139 392 8.21
20–24 11 070 774 10 887 555 21 958 329 8.14
25–29 10 963 605 10 736 361 21 699 966 8.05
30–34 10 777 337 10 524 673 21 302 010 7.90
35–39 10 477 475 10 305 704 20 783 179 7.71
40–44 9 830 929 9 693 109 19 524 038 7.24
45–49 9 140 315 9 023 924 18 164 239 6.74
50–54 7 975 551 7 947 477 15 923 028 5.91
55–59 6 632 329 6 691 467 13 323 796 4.94
60–64 5 234 762 5 287 052 10 521 814 3.90
65-69 3 758 966 3 921 263 7 680 229 2.85
70-74 2 485 308 2 757 062 5 242 370 1.94
75+ 2 208 281 3 066 764 5 275 045 1.96
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 33 591 518 32 474 477 66 065 995 24.50
15–64 93 292 938 92 046 853 185 339 791 68.75
65+ 8 452 555 9 745 089 18 197 644 6.75

Vital statistics

[edit]
Fertility rate of Indonesia by province (2017)

United Nations estimates

[edit]
Period Population
(thousands) 		Live births
(thousands) 		Deaths
(thousands) 		Natural change
(thousands) 		CBR[i] CDR[i] NC[i] TFR[i] IMR[i] Life expectancy
(years)
1950 69 568 2 826 1 505 1 321 40.6 21.6 19.0 5.19 189.1 39.40
1951 71 019 2 926 1 522 1 404 41.2 21.4 19.8 5.23 186.8 39.79
1952 72 571 3 035 1 517 1 518 41.8 20.9 20.9 5.27 182.0 40.69
1953 74 208 3 146 1 526 1 620 42.4 20.6 21.8 5.31 177.4 41.42
1954 75 925 3 257 1 533 1 723 42.9 20.2 22.7 5.35 172.9 42.19
1955 77 742 3 359 1 542 1 817 43.2 19.8 23.4 5.37 168.4 42.92
1956 79 662 3 475 1 544 1 931 43.6 19.4 24.2 5.41 164.0 43.80
1957 81 691 3 589 1 556 2 033 43.9 19.0 24.9 5.45 159.8 44.50
1958 83 819 3 701 1 575 2 126 44.2 18.8 25.4 5.48 155.8 45.05
1959 86 048 3 811 1 578 2 233 44.3 18.3 26.0 5.51 151.9 45.86
1960 88 383 3 929 1 593 2 337 44.5 18.0 26.4 5.55 148.3 46.45
1961 90 817 4 031 1 602 2 429 44.4 17.6 26.7 5.57 144.8 47.12
1962 93 345 4 127 1 603 2 523 44.2 17.2 27.0 5.59 141.4 47.87
1963 95 963 4 217 1 614 2 603 43.9 16.8 27.1 5.60 138.1 48.43
1964 98 675 4 304 1 609 2 695 43.6 16.3 27.3 5.61 134.8 49.23
1965 101 158 4 380 2 121 2 259 43.3 21.0 22.3 5.62 142.7 42.60
1966 103 561 4 426 1 740 2 686 42.7 16.8 25.9 5.60 129.5 48.20
1967 106 261 4 468 1 596 2 871 42.0 15.0 27.0 5.58 124.8 51.07
1968 109 139 4 503 1 594 2 909 41.3 14.6 26.7 5.54 121.4 51.63
1969 112 149 4 555 1 582 2 973 40.6 14.1 26.5 5.51 118.0 52.35
1970 115 228 4 596 1 576 3 021 39.9 13.7 26.2 5.45 114.6 52.99
1971 118 347 4 627 1 570 3 056 39.1 13.3 25.8 5.36 111.5 53.58
1972 121 504 4 667 1 560 3 107 38.4 12.8 25.6 5.29 108.4 54.24
1973 124 709 4 720 1 554 3 166 37.9 12.5 25.4 5.22 105.3 54.85
1974 127 945 4 727 1 547 3 180 37.0 12.1 24.9 5.09 102.3 55.43
1975 131 213 4 783 1 544 3 239 36.5 11.8 24.7 5.04 99.4 55.97
1976 134 521 4 813 1 540 3 273 35.8 11.5 24.3 4.92 96.8 56.51
1977 137 862 4 849 1 534 3 315 35.2 11.1 24.0 4.81 94.1 57.08
1978 141 251 4 908 1 535 3 373 34.7 10.9 23.9 4.72 91.6 57.57
1979 144 693 4 952 1 530 3 422 34.2 10.6 23.7 4.61 89.3 58.15
1980 148 177 4 981 1 521 3 460 33.6 10.3 23.4 4.49 86.9 58.75
1981 151 686 4 997 1 526 3 472 33.0 10.1 22.9 4.36 84.6 59.14
1982 155 229 5 036 1 514 3 522 32.4 9.8 22.7 4.25 82.3 59.76
1983 158 791 5 016 1 507 3 508 31.6 9.5 22.1 4.10 79.9 60.27
1984 162 332 4 986 1 502 3 484 30.7 9.3 21.5 3.94 77.6 60.73
1985 165 792 4 836 1 481 3 355 29.2 8.9 20.2 3.71 75.2 61.31
1986 169 135 4 736 1 472 3 264 28.0 8.7 19.3 3.53 72.8 61.72
1987 172 421 4 732 1 481 3 251 27.4 8.6 18.9 3.42 70.4 61.97
1988 175 695 4 738 1 495 3 244 27.0 8.5 18.5 3.33 68.0 62.21
1989 178 949 4 707 1 487 3 220 26.3 8.3 18.0 3.22 65.6 62.70
1990 182 160 4 647 1 477 3 170 25.5 8.1 17.4 3.10 63.1 63.18
1991 185 361 4 702 1 484 3 218 25.4 8.0 17.4 3.06 60.6 63.54
1992 188 558 4 644 1 468 3 176 24.6 7.8 16.8 2.94 58.1 64.13
1993 191 737 4 652 1 464 3 188 24.3 7.6 16.6 2.88 55.7 64.60
1994 194 929 4 681 1 481 3 201 24.0 7.6 16.4 2.84 53.3 64.86
1995 198 140 4 714 1 487 3 227 23.8 7.5 16.3 2.80 51.0 65.24
1996 201 374 4 762 1 519 3 244 23.6 7.5 16.1 2.77 48.9 65.36
1997 204 628 4 797 1 526 3 271 23.4 7.5 16.0 2.74 46.8 65.73
1998 207 855 4 744 1 544 3 200 22.8 7.4 15.4 2.66 44.8 65.96
1999 210 997 4 683 1 559 3 123 22.2 7.4 14.8 2.58 42.9 66.22
2000 214 072 4 680 1 581 3 099 21.9 7.4 14.5 2.54 41.1 66.43
2001 217 112 4 679 1 591 3 088 21.5 7.3 14.2 2.50 39.5 66.76
2002 220 115 4 662 1 596 3 066 21.2 7.2 13.9 2.46 37.8 67.13
2003 223 080 4 658 1 612 3 046 20.9 7.2 13.7 2.43 36.3 67.41
2004 225 939 4 678 1 807 2 871 20.7 8.0 12.7 2.42 36.9 65.75
2005 228 805 4 746 1 679 3 067 20.7 7.3 13.4 2.43 33.5 67.65
2006 231 797 4 819 1 698 3 121 20.8 7.3 13.5 2.45 32.2 67.91
2007 234 858 4 923 1 719 3 205 21.0 7.3 13.6 2.49 31.0 68.19
2008 237 937 4 927 1 763 3 164 20.7 7.4 13.3 2.48 29.8 68.23
2009 240 981 4 913 1 780 3 133 20.4 7.4 13.0 2.46 28.7 68.49
2010 244 016 4 920 1 807 3 112 20.2 7.4 12.8 2.45 27.6 68.68
2011 247 100 5 029 1 843 3 186 20.3 7.5 12.9 2.50 26.5 68.82
2012 250 223 5 028 1 875 3 153 20.1 7.5 12.6 2.49 25.6 68.97
2013 253 276 4 917 1 889 3 029 19.4 7.5 12.0 2.43 24.6 69.26
2014 256 230 4 857 1 904 2 953 19.0 7.4 11.5 2.39 23.7 69.53
2015 259 092 4 780 1 933 2 847 18.4 7.5 11.0 2.35 22.8 69.70
2016 261 850 4 718 1 972 2 746 18.0 7.5 10.5 2.31 22.0 69.80
2017 264 499 4 634 2 004 2 629 17.5 7.6 9.9 2.26 21.2 69.94
2018 267 067 4 588 2 002 2 586 17.2 7.5 9.7 2.23 20.5 70.34
2019 269 583 4 559 2 032 2 526 16.9 7.5 9.4 2.22 19.8 70.52
2020 271 858 4 526  2 437 2 089 16.6 9.0 7.7 2.19 19.2 68.81
2021 273 753 4 496 2 755 1 741 16.4 10.1 6.4 2.18 18.6 67.57
  1. ^ a b c d e CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022[17]

Demographic and Health Surveys

[edit]

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[18]

Year Total Urban Rural
CBR TFR CBR TFR CBR TFR
1981-1983 4.3
1987 3.4 (3.1) 2.9 (2.6) 3.7 (3.4)
1991 25.1 3.02 (2.50) 24.0 2.60 (2.03) 25.6 3.24 (2.73)
1994 2.9 (2.4) 2.3 (1.8) 3.2 (2.7)
1997 2.8 (2.4) 2.4 (2.0) 3.0 (2.6)
2002-2003 21.9 2.6 (2.2) 22.1 2.4 (2.1) 21.7 2.7 (2.3)
2007 20.9 2.6 (2.2) 20.2 2.3 (2.0) 21.5 2.8 (2.4)
2012 20.4 2.6 (2.0) 20.1 2.4 (1.9) 20.7 2.8 (2.2)
2017 18.1 2.4 (2.1) 17.7 2.3 (1.9) 18.5 2.6 (2.2)

According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2020 Indonesia's average total fertility rate was 2.04 children/born per woman.[19]

Fertility rate and aging population (by province)

[edit]

Total fertility rate (TFR) and population over age 60 by region as of 2010:[20]

Province Total fertility rate Population over age 60 (2010)
2010 2020
North Sumatera 3.01 2.48 5.9
West Sumatera 2.91 2.46 8.1
Riau 2.82 2.28 4.0
Jambi 2.51 2.28 5.5
South Sumatera 2.56 2.23 6.2
Bengkulu 2.51 2.30 5.8
Lampung 2.45 2.28 7.2
Bangka Belitung 2.54 2.24 5.8
Kepulauan Riau 2.38 2.21 3.4
Jakarta 1.82 1.75 5.1
West Java 2.43 2.11 7.0
Central Java 2.20 2.09 10.3
Yogyakarta 1.94 1.89 12.9
East Java 2.00 1.98 10.4
Banten 2.35 2.01 4.6
Bali 2.13 2.04 9.7
East Nusa Tenggara 3.82 2.79 7.4
West Kalimantan 2.64 2.33 5.8
Central Kalimantan 2.56 2.31 4.6
South Kalimantan 2.35 2.31 5.8
East Kalimantan 2.61 2.18 4.0
North Sulawesi 2.43 2.10 8.4
Central Sulawesi 2.94 2.32 6.6
South Sulawesi 2.55 2.22 8.2
Southeast Sulawesi 3.20 2.57 5.8
Gorontalo 2.76 2.30 5.9
West Sulawesi 3.33 2.58 6.2
Maluku 3.56 2.52 6.2
North Maluku 3.35 2.47 4.8
West Papua 3.18 2.66 3.2
Papua 2.87 2.76 2.4

Ethnic groups

[edit]
More
Ethnic groups Percentage
Javanese
 
 40.06%
Sundanese
 
 15.51%
Malay
 
 3.70%
Batak
 
 3.58%
Madurese
 
 3.03%
Betawi
 
 2.88%
Minangkabau
 
 2.73%
Bugis
 
 2.71%
Bantenese
 
 1.96%
Banjarese
 
 1.74%
Balinese
 
 1.66%
Acehnese
 
 1.44%
Dayak
 
 1.36%
Sasak
 
 1.34%
Main article: Ethnic groups in Indonesia
See also: List of ethnic groups in Indonesia by population

Indonesia is a country of great ethnic diversity, with approximately 600 distinct indigenous ethnic groups living side by side across more than 17,000 islands.[21][22] The majority of Indonesia's population is descended from Austronesian peoples who are concentrated in western and central Indonesia, which is part of the Asian continent. Another large group is the Melanesian peoples, who inhabit the eastern part of Indonesia (the Maluku Islands, Western New Guinea, and the East Nusa Tenggara) in Oceania.[23][24][25]

The Javanese are the largest ethnic group, accounting for 40.2% of the population and are culturally, economically, and politically dominant. The Javanese are concentrated in Java, the most populous island, especially in the central and eastern parts, and also in significant numbers in most provinces due to extensive migration throughout the archipelago. The Sundanese are the next largest group (15.4%), followed by the Malays, Batak, Madurese, Betawi, Minangkabau, and Bugis. A sense of Indonesian nationalism is present along with strong ethnic and regional identities.[26]

Languages

[edit]
Main article: Languages of Indonesia

Indonesian is the official and national language of Indonesia,[27] widely spoken by over 97% of the population.[28] However, Indonesia is a highly multilingual country. According to Ethnologue, there are currently 737 regional languages spoken across the Indonesian archipelago. This extensive linguistic diversity accounts for about 10% of the world’s total languages, making Indonesia the second most linguistically diverse country in the world.[29][30] The majority of these languages belong to the Austronesian language family, which is prevalent in the western and central regions of Indonesia, including languages such as Acehnese, Batak, Sundanese, Balinese, Banjarese and Buginese. In contrast, the eastern regions, particularly Papua and the Maluku Islands, are home to over 270 Papuan languages, which are distinct from the Austronesian language family and represent a unique linguistic heritage.[31] The most widely spoken language as a mother tongue is Javanese, spoken by over 80 million speakers, mainly in central and east Java, but also on many other islands due to migration.

Religion

[edit]
Main article: Religion in Indonesia

Religion in Indonesia (2023)[32][33]

  Islam (87.06%)
  Protestantism (7.41%)
  Roman Catholic (3.06%)
  Hinduism (1.68%)
  Buddhism (0.71%)
  Folk/Other (0.05%)
  Confucianism (0.03%)

Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority nation; based on civil registration data in 2023 from Ministry of Home Affairs, 87.06% of Indonesians are Muslims, 10.47% Christians (7.41% Protestants, 3.06% Roman Catholic), 1.68% Hindu, 0.71% Buddhists, 0.03% Confucians and 0.05% other faiths.[34][35] Most Indonesian Hindus are Balinese[36] and most Buddhists in modern-day Indonesia are Chinese.[37]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2010". Statistics Indonesia. Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  3. ^ "Indonesia's full-year population in 2023", Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia) (in Indonesian), archived from the original on 23 June 2024, retrieved 23 June 2024
  4. ^ Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia 2023 ~(https://webapi.bps.go.id/download.php?f=603cXqPpJ1BhatsSfWE2yuhpRf3enmqavnkjhP1pvbLequb3n+oKUmXTRDpHn5lKFsTwDIXGUfWQB9T673DIELvjplkdUUuC2CggpdYbesXDeJGhuZe3MmwR0n6KDrcuobXbIM6h6f4XFVQcUcDvTgfOR7v0VF+ndkXkdeidcrwsp8LXQ8EEX5DP4lmBSwIQiXV7pshJjDbTb0QmuSigNSpIwyo4UJLeLJJ4NbeoCFQlQDgwCyeRXK5Qqj8sAvoWX0i1p5E64FCvTfUicFGpDQ==[permanent dead link‍]).
  5. ^ Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 47. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
  6. ^ Shamim Adam; Berni Moestafa; Novrida Manurung (28 January 2014). "Indonesia Population Approaching U.S. Revives Birth Control". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  7. ^ "Indonesia Demographics Profile". Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  8. ^ "Indonesia Population – Our World in Data". ourworldindata.org. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  9. ^ "Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2010". Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  10. ^ Wertheim, W. F. (1959). Indonesian Society in Transition (Second (revised) ed.). 's-Gravenhage: Uitgeverij W. van Hoeve. p. 370.
  11. ^ Geografi dan Kependudukan untuk SMP kelas 2 [Geography and Demographics for High School Grade 2] (in Indonesian). FA. Hasmar. 1976.
  12. ^ Nitisastro, Widjojo (2006). Population trends in Indonesia. Equinox. ISBN 9789793780436.
  13. ^ "Long Form Sensus Penduduk 2020 - Badan Pusat Statistik". sensus.bps.go.id. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  14. ^ "The Indonesian Population Census 2020 Highlights" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2021.
  15. ^ "Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia: Statistics Indonesia Releases 2020 Census Results". 23 January 2021. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  16. ^ "UNSD – Demographic and Social Statistics". Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  17. ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2022). "World Population Prospects 2022 Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XLS (91MB)). United Nations Population Division. 27 (Online ed.). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. rows 8285:8356, cols M,X,AE,S,AH,S,AA,AV,AI. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022.
  18. ^ "MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys". Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  19. ^ "Indonesia People 2020, CIA World Factbook". Archived from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  20. ^ http://www.ifa-fiv.org/wp-content/2014/09/Indonesian_Ageing_Monograph-print-version1.pdf[permanent dead link‍]
  21. ^ Ananta et al. 2015, pp. 12, 27–28.
  22. ^ "Mengulik Data Suku di Indonesia" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 18 November 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  23. ^ Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia. Yale University Press. pp. 5–7. ISBN 978-0-300-09709-2.
  24. ^ Witton 2003, pp. 139, 181, 251, 435.
  25. ^ Dawson, B.; Gillow, J. (1994). The Traditional Architecture of Indonesia. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-500-34132-2.
  26. ^ Ananta, Aris (29 April 2016). Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. ISBN 978-981-4695-94-7.
  27. ^ Article 36 of The 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia  – via Wikisource.
  28. ^ "Long Form Census 2020", Statistics Indonesia (in Indonesian)
  29. ^ Lewis, M. Paul (2009), Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.), SIL International, retrieved 17 November 2009
  30. ^ "What Countries Have the Most Languages?". Ethnologue. 22 May 2019. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  31. ^ Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2018). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty-first edition. SIL International. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  32. ^ "Religion in Indonesia".
  33. ^ Muslim 244 Million (87.1), Christianity 29.4 Million (10.5), Hindu 4.73 million (1.7), Buddhist 2 million (0.7), Folk, Confucianism, and others 175.064 (0.1), Total 280.725.428 Million
  34. ^ "Religion in Indonesia".
  35. ^ Muslim 244 Million (87.1), Christianity 29.4 Million (10.5), Hindu 4.73 million (1.7), Buddhist 2 million (0.7), Folk, Confucianism, and others 175.064 (0.1), Total 280.725.428 Million
  36. ^ Oey, Eric (1997). Bali (3rd ed.). Singapore: Periplus Editions. ISBN 962-593-028-0.
  37. ^ "Indonesia – Buddhism". U.S. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2006.

Sources

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